segunda-feira, 25 de fevereiro de 2008

Falta de saneamento básico compromete qualidade da água em Natal

Por Gabriela Duarte
Com apenas 33% da cidade saneada, população recorre aos poços, porém, muitos estão com altas concentrações de nitrato.


O Brasil, como todos os países em ritmo acelerado de industrialização, tem sérios problemas de poluição de água subterrânea, que estão afetando ou ameaçando afetar os abastecimentos de água potável de importantes segmentos da população. Natal possui apenas 33% da cidade saneada, fato que tem contribuído para a contaminação da água da cidade.
Sem falar na construção de poços. Muitos são construídos sem orientação de um profissional e sem nenhuma pesquisa, para avaliar a qualidade da água. Muitos já apresentam altas concentrações de nitrato. Ao todo, 70% das residências de Natal não têm coleta de esgoto, o que faz com que a população utilize as fossas, sistema que prejudica as águas subterrâneas, responsáveis pelo abastecimento da cidade.
Segundo Paula Ângela Melo Liberato, gerente de qualidade de produto e meio ambiente da Caern, os poços da companhia e da cidade têm água de boa qualidade, o problema seria que alguns (cerca de 40%) estão apresentando concentrações de nitrato acima de 10mg/l, como define a Organização Mundial de Saúde. “Para diminuir a concentração, a Caern altera o abastecimento da Lagoa do Jiqui ou a de Extremoz, dependendo da localização do poço. Com a questão do nitrato, há essa mistura para diminuir a concentração do nitrato. A diluição é a alternativa mais acessível. São poucas e caríssimas aqui no Brasil; a mais viável e de mais curto prazo é a diluição”, explicou Paula Liberato.
O processo, chamado de desnitrificação da água, faz da diluição a alternativa mais usada pela companhia de distribuição de água. As águas utilizadas nesse processo são provenientes da Lagoa do Jiqui ou de Extremoz. A água das lagoas ajudam na redução da concentração de nitrato. “A Caern já contratou um estudo junto à Funpec para ver a possibilidade de novos mananciais, como o rio Maxaranguape, Punaú e Boa Cica, para avaliar se dão vazão. Esse estudo, que deverá está sendo concluído em maio, irá analisar a qualidade da água desses rios”, disse Paula Liberato.
A falta de monitoramento em locais onde há um potencial para contaminação, juntamente com a falta de uma análise abrangente da qualidade da água em diversos poços, elimina a possibilidade de uma determinação confiável da extensão e severidade da degradação de água subterrânea e os riscos para a saúde da população. Na falta de programas de monitoramento nos poços particulares, segmentos de importantes aqüíferos se degradaram e podem estar perdidos para sempre como fontes de água potável. Mais relevante são porções da população, que têm sido expostas a águas potáveis contaminadas quimicamente, por períodos de tempo desconhecidos.
Em Natal, existem cerca de 1.500 poços particulares, além de cerca de 202 poços da Caern. De acordo com Marcelo Augusto de Queiroz, gerente de hidrogeologia da Caern, é difícil saber o número de poços particulares existentes na cidade, uma vez que muitos são clandestinos, “é muito fácil esconder um poço”, disse. Sobre a presença de poços clandestinos, a promotora de Meio Ambiente, Gilka da Mata, ressaltou que todos os poços perfurados deveriam ser licenciados pela Secretaria Recursos Hídricos e Meio Ambiente. “O problema desses poços é muito grave, porque não se sabe a qualidade da água que eles abrigam. Porém, a concessionária de serviços públicos tem que prestar serviço seguro, sem risco à saúde humana, eficiente e contínuo”, concluiu Gilka da Mata.
O gerente de hidrogeologia da Caern explica que, para poder construir um poço, é necessário ter uma licença de obra hidráulica, expedida pela Secretaria de Recursos Hídricos e Meio Ambiente. “Para conseguir a licença, é necessário apresentar um projeto feito por um profissional habilitado; tem que apresentar também a localização do poço”, disse. “Por sua vez, a Secretaria remete o processo para a Caern para que a gente se pronuncie se aquele poço está sendo construído numa área em que a Caern não tem abastecimento legal. Caso seja em uma área que a Caern não tem abastecimento ou o abastecimento é precário, aí o processo é permitido a seguir em frente. A obra é autorizada e vistoriada pela Secretaria. Com o poço pronto, o proprietário ainda deve entrar com o processo de outorga do direito de uso da água, onde para tê-lo, é necessário realizar uma análise fisioclínica. Após isso, tem a autorização do Estado para usar a água, uma vez que o lençol subterrâneo é do Estado. Se nessa avaliação constar alto teor de nitrato na água, a Secretaria não autoriza o seu uso. Porém não tem como controlar. Se isso fosse cumprido, a poluição seria controlada, até o nitrato. Mas, muitos desses poços ninguém sabe como são feitos, depois que a obra é concluída não tem como saber”, explicou Marcelo Queiroz.
Paula Liberato explicou que, há cada três meses, a Caern realiza um monitoramento nos seus 202 poços, onde a água é coletada e encaminhada para a Gerência de Qualidade do Produto e Meio Ambiente, onde a água tem a sua qualidade analisada. Depois, ela vai para o setor de Hidrogeologia da Caern, onde é observado o teor de nitrato desse poço. As amostras são comparadas às analises anteriores, para ver se o teor de nitrato está aumentando ou diminuindo, para que seja possível a Caern tomar as devidas providências.
Fonte: nominuto.com

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